Early Characteristics of Heavenly King Armors
Armor from the Tang Dynasty has several features:
Upturned Neck Guard.
In sculptures and murals unearthed from the Tang Dynasty, images of warriors with upturned neck guards are often seen. Examples include the gilt bronze Heavenly King statue's helmet unearthed from the Jingzhi Temple base palace in the Gongyuan area of Dingzhou, Hebei Province; the helmet of the Southern Glazed Heavenly King on the south side of the east wall of the front chamber of Cave 25 in Yulin Caves, Dunhuang, from the mid-Tang period (Tubo era); and the helmets of Tang Dynasty Heavenly King stone statues in the Shanghai Museum.
There is a hanging device on the neck guard, which can be pulled up during peacetime to help the warrior avoid heat discomfort, and lowered during battle for protection.
Neck Protection.
Compared to the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty saw significant changes in neck protection. The neck guard flares out at the collar with two round hooks. Some armor straps are directly looped onto these hooks, extending down to the belt of the armor skirt, wrapping around the chest and tying at the back.
Round Chest Guard.
This type of chest guard can be seen in colored sculptures from the Tang, Liao, Jin, and Five Dynasties periods in Shanxi. The Liao had Tang influences, the Jin in northern Shanxi learned from the Liao, and the Five Dynasties period was close to the late Tang. It is speculated that this may be a decorative development of the Tang Mingguang armor, retaining the round shape but replacing a single iron plate with pieced armor plates.
Relatively Simple Crotch Armor.
Crotch armor, pronounced "kun," protects the crotch area. Later versions of crotch armor were often highly decorative with various shapes.
Ming Dynasty Armor Imitating the Song.
After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, there was a strong effort to restore Han customs and reject Yuan culture. Looking back for inspiration led to the Song Dynasty. Therefore, some Ming Heavenly King armors are very similar to those of the Song Dynasty.
Figure 1: Hongfu Temple, Dingxiang, base image source: Xuanhezi
Figure 2: Nanchan Temple, Tang
Figure 3: Foguang Temple, Tang
Figure 4: Wanfo Hall, Zhen Guo Temple, Pingyao, Five Dynasties
Figures 5 & 6: Bujiao Cang Hall, Huayan Temple, Datong, Liao
Figures 7 & 8: Amitabha Hall, Chongfu Temple, Shuozhou, Jin
Figure 9: Bu'er Temple, Yangqu, Jin, base image source: Goethe Loves Photography
Figure 10: Yanshan Temple, Fanshi, Jin
Figure 11: Chongqing Temple, Changzhi, Ming
Figures 12 & 13: Shang Temple, Guangsheng Temple, Hongtong
Figure 14: Weituo, Shuanglin Temple, Pingyao, Ming
Figure 15: Hypothetical Wearing Process Diagram of Song Dynasty Armor
Figure 16: Reconstruction of Tang Dynasty Armor, Mingguang Armor, Neck Protection, and Upturned Neck Guard