Yi ethnic history and cultural customs
Foreword The Jinsha River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River, rushes down from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, winding through the Hengduan Mountains where Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet meet. With its powerful flow, it carves deep canyons and fertile valleys, nurturing one of the oldest and most brilliant civilizations in Southwest China—the Yi civilization. This river is not only a natural geographical link but also the lifeblood of the Yi people's historical migrations, cultural exchange, and spiritual inheritance.
The Yi people, one of the most populous and oldest ethnic minorities in Southwest China, have thrived in the Jinsha River basin for thousands of years, creating a unique system of writing, calendar, religion, art, and folk customs. From the southward migration and assimilation of the ancient Di-Qiang ethnic groups to the glorious regimes of the ancient Dian and Nanzhao kingdoms; from the millennia-old scriptures passed down by the Bimo (priests) to the Torch Festival illuminating the mountains and rivers; from the social order maintained by the clan system to the wisdom of life embodied in clothing, architecture, and cuisine, Yi culture has always shared the same breath and destiny with the Jinsha River, becoming an indispensable treasure in the diverse yet unified landscape of Chinese civilization.
This article takes the Jinsha River basin as its core geographical coordinate and the historical origins of the Yi people as its timeline. It deeply dissects the Yi people's origins, historical development, social structure, religious beliefs, culture and art, folk customs and rituals, production and daily life, among other dimensions. With rigorous research and meticulous writing, it restores the millennia-long trajectory of Yi civilization, showcasing an epic panorama of the symbiosis between the river and the people.
Chapter 1: Ancient Roots Along the Jinsha River: In-Depth Research on the Origins and Development of the Yi People
The origins of the Yi people are a highly significant topic in the study of Chinese ethnic history and the first key to unlocking the secrets of Jinsha River civilization. After a century of academic debate, the mainstream academic community, combining archaeological discoveries, Yi ancient texts, Han historical materials, and linguistic genes, has reached an authoritative conclusion centered on the "Northern Origin Theory (Di-Qiang Integration Theory)" and supplemented by the "Southwest Indigenous Theory." All of this is deeply intertwined with the geographical environment of the Jinsha River basin.
I. Core Ethnic Origin: The Southward Migration and Integration of the Ancient Di-Qiang Group
The most widely accepted conclusion in academia is that the Yi people originated primarily from the ancient Di-Qiang group in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Northwest China.
Historical Evidence: The *Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of the Western Qiang* clearly records that the ancient Qiang people "dwelt on nomadic lands, following the water and grass, making their living through animal husbandry," a typical plateau nomadic group. From the Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Warring States period, influenced by multiple factors such as climate cooling, ethnic conflicts, and the expansion of the Central Plains regime, a branch of the ancient Qiang people migrated south in large numbers along the six river basins of the Hengduan Mountains (Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nu River, Yalong River, Dadu River, and Min River), entering the southwestern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and southwestern Sichuan region.
The migration route and the pivotal role of the Jinsha River: The southward-migrating ancient Qiang people established their settlements along the banks of the middle reaches of the Jinsha River, gradually shifting from nomadic to a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. Ancient Yi texts such as *Southwest Yi Chronicle* and *Le'e Te Yi* record that the Yi ancestor, Ximu Zhe, migrated south from "Qiong Zhi Lu" (the present-day border area between Sichuan and Yunnan in the Jinsha River basin), arriving at the banks of "Nuo Yi" and "Qu Yi" (the Jinsha River and Anning River) to thrive. This perfectly matches archaeological discoveries of Neolithic cultural sites in the Jinsha River basin.
Ethnic Integration: Coexistence of Indigenous Peoples and Migrants
The Yi people did not originate from a single ethnic group, but rather are the product of long-term integration between the ancient Qiang people who migrated south and the indigenous Pu people and Kunming people of the southwest. The ancient Yi text of Guizhou, *The History of the Southwest Yi*, repeatedly records the process of "Pu transforming into Yi." The indigenous inhabitants of the Jinsha River basin, who lived by farming and hunting, integrated with the Qiang people, who were skilled in nomadic herding and iron smelting, forming a production model of "combining agriculture and animal husbandry, relying on mountains and rivers," laying the foundation for the Yi ethnic group.
II. Archaeological Evidence: Ancient Civilization Remains in the Jinsha River Basin
Archaeological discoveries in the Jinsha River basin directly confirm the long history of the Yi ancestors, pushing the origins of Yi civilization back to the Neolithic Age:
Yuanmou Man Site: The 1.7 million-year-old Yuanmou Man discovered in Yuanmou, Yunnan (the Longchuan River basin, a tributary of the Jinsha River), is the earliest known human in China. Although not the direct ancestor of the Yi people, it proves that the Jinsha River basin is one of the cradles of human civilization, providing the inherent conditions for the settlement of the Yi ancestors.
Neolithic Culture of the Jinsha River: Along the Jinsha River in Xichang and Panzhihua in southwestern Sichuan, and Chuxiong and Lijiang in Yunnan, numerous stone axes, adzes, pottery, and bone tools have been unearthed, dating back approximately 5000-3000 years. These artifacts closely match the production tools and customs of the Yi people's ancestors.
Bronze Age Cultural Relics: From the Warring States period to the Han Dynasty, the Dian Kingdom's bronze culture and the Qiongdu bronze culture in the Jinsha River basin reached their peak. Bronze artifacts unearthed at Shizhaishan in Jinning and Lijia Mountain in Jiangchuan have patterns and shapes completely consistent with Yi totems (tiger, fire, sun, cattle, and sheep), providing direct evidence of the early political power established by the Yi people's ancestors.
III. Evolution of Ethnic Name: From "Yi" to "Yi" – A Millennial Naming Process
The ethnic name of the Yi people has continuously evolved throughout history, always tied to their place of existence in the Jinsha River basin:
Pre-Qin to Han Dynasty: They were called "Kunming," "Qiongdu," "Laojin," and "Mimo," representing the most important tribe in the Jinsha River basin;
Wei-Jin to Tang Dynasty: Han historical records refer to them as "Wuman" and "Baiman," with "Wuman" being the direct ancestors of the Yi people, whose core area of activity was the middle reaches of the Jinsha River;
Song-Yuan to Ming-Qing Dynasty: They were called "Luoluo" and "Lulu," while also using Yi self-designations such as "Nuosu," "Niesu," and "Nasu," meaning "a people who revere black";
After the founding of the People's Republic of China: In 1950, after discussions among Yi elites and scholars, the name "Yi" was officially adopted, taking its auspicious meaning from the "Dingyi" (鼎彝), symbolizing a profound civilization and noble heritage.
IV. The Spiritual Connection Between the Jinsha River and the Yi People
In Yi culture, the Jinsha River is not just an ordinary river, but its "Mother River" and "Ancestral Spirit River":
In the Yi scripture *Guiding Scripture*, the Bimo (priest) guides the souls of the deceased upstream along the Jinsha River to return to their ancestral homeland;
In Yi mythology, the Jinsha River is the "Water of the Gods," nurturing all things and nourishing life, ranking alongside fire and the sun as one of the three major objects of worship;
The canyons, plains, and forests of the Jinsha River basin are the concrete embodiment of the Yi people's animistic belief. Mountains have mountain gods, rivers have water gods, and trees have tree gods, forming the spiritual core of the Yi people's symbiotic relationship with nature.
Chapter Two: A Thousand Years of Civilization Evolution: The Historical Development of the Yi People in the Jinsha River Basin
The history of the Yi people is an epic of migration, integration, nation-building, struggle, and development along the Jinsha River. From tribal alliances to local regimes, from slavery to modern society, the Jinsha River has always been at the center of Yi history, witnessing the rise and fall and glory of this nation.
I. Ancient Times: Tribal Alliances and the "Six Ancestor Branches" (Approximately Warring States Period to Qin and Han Dynasties)
This was a crucial period in the formation of the Yi ethnic community, with the core event being the **"Six Ancestor Branches"**: Ancestor Dumu and the Flood Myth
The Yi epic *Le'e Te Yi* records that in ancient times, a great flood occurred, leaving only the ancestor **Dumu (Zhongmuyou)**. He multiplied and thrived in the Jinsha River basin, marrying three wives and fathering six sons, the "Six Ancestors" in Yi legend—Wu, Zha, Bu, Mo, Nuo, and Heng.
The Six Ancestor Branches and the Spread Along the Jinsha River
To avoid ethnic conflict, the six ancestors migrated in all directions along the Jinsha River basin, forming six major branches:
The Wu and Zha branches: Developed in southern and southeastern Yunnan, settling in Honghe and Wenshan;
The Bu and Mo branches: Developed in northwestern Guizhou and northeastern Yunnan, forming tribes such as Shuixi and Wusa;
The Nuo and Heng branches: Developed in Liangshan, Sichuan and Chuxiong, Yunnan, becoming the core ethnic group in the middle reaches of the Jinsha River.
The "Six Ancestors Branch" marks the Yi people's transition from clan tribes to tribal alliances, laying the foundation for their current distribution pattern and making the Jinsha River the "origin of Yi civilization's spread."
II. Qin and Han Dynasties to Wei and Jin Dynasties: Early Development under the Prefecture-County System (221 BC - 581 AD)
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the central dynasty incorporated the Jinsha River basin into its territory, ushering in a new stage of integration between the Yi ancestors and the Central Plains civilization:
Han Dynasty Establishment of Prefectures and Counties: Emperor Wu of Han dispatched Tang Meng and Sima Xiangru to manage the southwestern Yi people, establishing Yizhou Prefecture, Yuexi Prefecture, and Jianwei Prefecture in the Yi-populated areas, bestowing upon them the "Seal of the King of Dian." The Yi ancestors became subjects of the dynasty, and Central Plains agricultural techniques, iron tools, and culture were introduced to the Yi areas along the Jinsha River.
The Rise of the Cuan Clan: During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, amidst the chaos of war in the Central Plains, the southern region (present-day Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan, and western Guizhou) was ruled by the Cuan clan, ancestors of the Yi people. They were divided into the Eastern Cuan Wuman and the Western Cuan Baiman, with the Jinsha River as the boundary. They dominated the southwest for over 400 years, implementing a theocratic rule, preserving traditional Yi culture while absorbing Central Plains systems.
III. Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties: The Glory of the Nanzhao Kingdom and Local Regimes (581-1279 AD)
This was the most glorious period in Yi history, represented by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The ancestors of the Yi people established a powerful local ethnic regime, controlling the entire Jinsha River region: The Unification of the Six Zhao and the Establishment of the Nanzhao Kingdom: In the early Tang Dynasty, there were six major tribes in the Erhai region of Yunnan, known as the "Six Zhao." Among them, Mengshe Zhao (Nanzhao) was established by the Wuman, ancestors of the Yi people. In 738 AD, with the support of the Tang Dynasty, King Piluoge of Nanzhao unified the six Zhao kingdoms, establishing the Nanzhao Kingdom with its capital at Taihe City (present-day Dali). Its territory covered the entirety of present-day Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan, western Guizhou, and parts of Southeast Asia, with the Jinsha River serving as its core territory and strategic barrier.
Nanzhao's Civilizational Achievements
The Nanzhao Kingdom, primarily composed of Yi and Bai ethnic groups, created a brilliant civilization:
It perfected the Yi script system, using it to record history, laws, and religion;
It developed agriculture, animal husbandry, iron smelting, and textiles, with dense farmland along the Jinsha River;
It established military and political systems, standing as a powerful state in the southwest, alongside the Tang Dynasty and the Tibetan Empire.
Local Regime during the Song Dynasty
After the fall of Nanzhao, the Dali Kingdom rose to power, while the various Yi tribes maintained their independence.
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